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Résumé :
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This paper presents a set of possible policy options on the GM trees. It provides some analysis of the possible benefits and potential disadvantages of GM trees with respect to five clusters of argument: scientific and environmental, legal, economic, social and ethical. No clear, unambiguous arguments emerge either for or against GM trees. On the one hand there are potential environmental and economic benefits. For example, the enhanced productivity and/or improved quality (e.g. for pulping) that genetic modification may provide could reduce the pressures on natural forests. GM trees can be made more insistant to certain pests. But on the other hand there are potential risks to the environment from genetic contamination of natural stands, the economic costs of which could be significant. The social costs of GM plantations could be severe, especially in developing countries. The legal situation is also unclear: while the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety provides some guidance, it is open to differing interpretations. The paper provides eight policy options for the consideration of Forest research organisations such as the European Forest Institute, ranging from full and active support for GM trees to complete opposition. The poney that is chosen will depend on how the various risks and benefits arc assessed, how the current body of international law is interpreted, and which ethical arguments are considered most persuasive. Should an organisation choose to support research into GM trees it is suggested that it should also adopt a contingency plan for disengaging from this area should evidence emerge that the risks are unacceptable or that GM trees are causing serious and irreversible damage to nature.
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