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Résumé :
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Mediterranean forest systems are common to 5 continents but are also distinct from temperate forests. They share common features of climate and, consequently, the plant communities are analogous but unrelated. The parallels are important to understand for conservation and management of this unique forest type on all continents. The Mediterranean forests are centers of endemism and biodiversity but are among the highest risk for extinctions. They have also been degraded as a result of intentional (e.g., tree species planted in plantation forests) or unintentional (e.g., invasive insects and diseases) introductions of exotic species, often from other Mediterranean climate areas. Threats to the sustainability of these forest systems are critical to understand to conserve, manage, and protect.The Mediterranean forest systems are subject to tremendous anthropogenic impacts. They are found in areas that have been subject to high population pressure, alternative land uses, fire, atmospheric deposition, and global climate change. All of these influence how insect and disease pressures affect the forest systems. The volume addresses the risk of human change on those interactions
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